A Lower Troposphere Radiosonde

The Extratropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere

[1] The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (Ex‐UTLS) is a transition region between the stratosphere and the troposphere. The Ex‐UTLS includes the tropopause, a strong static stability gradient and dynamic barrier to transport. The barrier is reflected in tracer profiles. This region exhibits complex dynamical, radiative, and chemical characteristics that place stringent spa...

Vertical profile measurements of lower troposphere ionisation

Vertical soundings of the atmospheric ion production rate have been obtained from Geiger counters integrated with conventional meteorological radiosondes. In launches made from Reading (UK) during 2013–2014, the Regener–Pfotzer ionisation maximum was at an altitude equivalent to a pressure of (63.172.4) hPa, or, expressed in terms of the local air density, (0.10170.005) kg m . The measured ioni...

Atmospheric Refraction and Propagation in Lower Troposphere

Influence of atmospheric refraction on the propagation of electromagnetic waves has been studied from the beginnings of radio wave technology (Kerr, 1987). It has been proved that the path bending of electromagnetic waves due to inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the refractive index of air causes adverse effects such as multipath fading and interference, attenuation due to diffraction on th...

Total depletion of Hg° in the upper troposphere- lower stratosphere

Qynamical Interaction between the Lower Stratosphere and the Troposphere

The vertical flux of geopotential and the conversion between eddy available potential and eddy kinetic energy due t o non-stationary disturbances are studied by solving numerically the diagnostic as well as the prognostic equations of a linearized 20-level model. The vertical distribution of these quantities thus computed compares well with those obtained by other authors from observed data and...